NKOD SPARQL |

NKOD SPARQL

Matches in NKOD SPARQL for { ?s <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#scopeNote> ?o ?g. }

Showing items 1 to 100 of ±8,349 with 100 items per page.

TPW scopeNote "Tupí, also called Old Tupi, is generally used interchangably with Tupinambá. Voeglin and Voeglin indicate that Old Tupi and Tupinambá are the same." language.
SNB scopeNote "Iban and Sebuyau originated from the same area of Indonesia in about 1500, and have not diverged much since then. Though they had a separate ethnic identification for a time, the languages have remained the same." language.
YEN scopeNote "Yotti is listed as a dialect of Yendang. This was a mistake, as they are linguistically and socially distinct. Thus, Yendang [yen] split into Yendang [ynq] and Yotti [yot]" language.
BPB scopeNote "Ethnologue lists Barbacoas, with an alternate name of Pasto. Glottolog lists Barbacoas as "unattested". Loukotka (1968) indicates that no linguistic data has been published for Barbacoas, also known as Colima (p.247)" language.
CMK scopeNote ""Chimakum" is just an alternate spelling for Chemakum, which is the more common spelling in the linguistic literature. However, since it has been listed with this spelling in the Ethnologue, it is probably appropriate to include this alternate spelling in the standard [xch]." language.
GUV scopeNote "The Ethnologue states (under Duli [duz]): "Might be the same as Gey [guv]." Harald Hammarstrom (2015) has cited evidence these are the same language." language.
UNP scopeNote "Unggumi [xgu] and Worrorra [wro] have been considered separate languages for some time now. In McGregor's 1988 Worrorran classification in his "Handbook of Kimberley Languages," he lists them both as separate languages." language.
UUN scopeNote "Kulon-Pazeh subgroup was proposed in Blust (1999); however, Kulon and Pazeh-Kaxabu are two different languages. Thus, Kulon-Pazeh [uun] split into Kulon [uon] and Pazeh [pzh]" language.
BMY scopeNote "Bemba [bmy] is listed as an unclassifed Bantu language of South Kivu province in the DRC. A more precise location is not given. It is difficult to interpret this entry as anything other than a duplication of the Bembe [bmb] entry - a relatively well-known Bantu language of the Lega complex in South Kivu province." language.
KGC scopeNote "Over the years there has been considerable confusion between Kasseng [kgc], Talieng [tdf], and Tareng [tgr]. Kasseng is an exonym for Talieng. Kasseng should be merged with Talieng." language.
SMD scopeNote "There is no evidence that Sama [smd] exists as a distinct speech variety used by a community with a unique ethnolinguistic identity. It is a regional dialect of Kimbundu [kmb], spoken in the municipality of Quissama (spelling varies) in northwestern Angola's Luanda Province." language.
KRM scopeNote "Krim or Kim and Bom are dialects of the same language [bmf] based on survey work done by Dr. Tucker Childs." language.
LAK scopeNote "According to Idiatov et al 2017, the Laka [lak] language spoken in Lau, Nigeria, is a variety of Kaba (Kabba) [ksp], a Central Sudanic language spoken in Chad and the Central African Republic. Glottolog classifies Laka as a Central Sudanic language and lists it as a dialect of Kaba." language.
CCQ scopeNote "Both Chaungtha [ccq] and Yangbye [ybd] refer to similar varieties within the Rakhine (rki) language. The speakers of these dialects identify themselves as "Rakhine"." language.
DWL scopeNote "Walo Kumbe Dogon [dwl] split into Dogon, Bankan Tey (Walo) [dbw] and Dogon, Ben Tey (Beni) [dbt]" language.
GGR scopeNote "Aghu Tharnggalu [ggr] split into Aghu-Tharnggala [gtu], Gugu-Mini [ggm], and Ikarranggal [ikr]" language.
TNF scopeNote "Lexical similiarity of Dari and Tangshewi is between 86% and 90%. Comprehension testing of Eastern Farsi (Dari) showed that Dari is highly intelligible for the Tangshewi people. Thus, Tangshewi (tnf) merged into [prs] Dari." language.
MYD scopeNote "There is no such "Maramba" language. The language of the people of Maramba village is Angoram [aog]." language.
KSA scopeNote "Rishiwa [rsw] and Kizamani [izm] (previously known as Shuwa-Zamani) are two separate languages." language.
TGG scopeNote "Tangga should be split into three separate languages: Fanamaket (spoken on New Ireland) [bjp], Warwar Feni (spoken on the Feni Islands) [hrw], and Niwer Mil (spoken on the Tangga Islands) [hrc]." language.
AOH scopeNote "The Ethnologue has the following comments: "People spoke either Cenu or Cauca (both extinct)". Cenu is totally undocumented and Cauca [cca] is also unattested. Glottolog lists Arma as "unattested"." language.
KPP scopeNote "The entry for Karen, Paku contained Mobwa as a dialect in the past. However, speakers of Mobwa report low inherent intelligibility with Paku. Based on low reported comprehension and separate identities, it seems that Mobwa [jkm] should be considered a separate language from Paku [pku]. In addition, Mobwa is treated as a distinct variety from Paku in the linguistic literature." language.
SDM scopeNote "While Semandang does have many dialects, Gerai and Beginci are definitely NOT dialects of Semandang and should have their own language code. Semandang is a very large language group with at least 12 different dialects, Kualan being by far the biggest. Gerai is a very small language group and is made up of just one dialect. Thus, semandang [sdm] split into Semandang [sdq], Beginci [ebc] and Gerai [gef]" language.
LII scopeNote "In the Ethnologue, Lingkhim [lii], is listed as a separate Western Kiranti language, but the Saam [raq] entry already represents the Western Kiranti language of Lingkhim (a place name, see van Driem 2001:623, 704-705), so the Lingkhim entry is spurious." language.
SGO scopeNote "Songa [sgo], alternative name Kisonga, is listed as an unclassified Bantu language of South Kivu province without a precise location or a population estimate. There is no sign of a language with that name in South Kivu province (Kadima 1983:34-37, Moeller 1936) unless it is Kisanga (Botne 2003:423). If it is Kisanga, the Songa [sgo] entry is spurious because Kisanga falls under the Lega-Shabunda [lea] entry." language.
MGX scopeNote "Omati is the name of a village, and not the name of a language, so the name Omati should be replaced by the two new names: Mouwase and Barikewa. Although reports indicate that there is some mutual intelligibility between speakers of the Mouwase [jmw] and Barikewa [jbk] languages, speakers of these languages see themselves as having distinct linguistic identities." language.
ILL scopeNote "The code ill represents the Iranun language of the Philippines [ilp]. It also represents the language of the Iranun in Sabah Malaysia [ilm]. These are separate and distinct but related languages in the same family." language.
YOS scopeNote "Yos is the English plural form of the name 'Yo', which is just another pronunciation of 'Zo'. Yos/Yo is not a separate group or a separate language." language.
KVS scopeNote "The AUSTLANG database shows Kunggara [kvs] and Gurdjar [gdj] as names for the same language. Harald Hammarstrom (2015) has also cited evidence that Kunggara refers to he same language as Gurdjar." language.
KOX scopeNote "Alan Wares, in correspondence with Barbara Grimes (5/28/1971), stated that Coxima should be deleted as "non-existent." Moreover, the Ethnologue has not added any information to the Coxima language entry in nearly 40 years. Mention of this language is missing from all the major sources on South American languages." language.
DGU scopeNote "Glottolog lists Degaru as "unattested". Hammarstrom (2015) states that "can only match the caste Dhekaru who are not known to have a separate language", citing Mitra 1953." language.
AGP scopeNote "No significant body of literature and research exists on these languages (see Paranan, PRF and Pahanan Agta, APF). Besides work being done by SIL linguists who have made clear that they feel that Pahanan Agta and Paranan are two different languages, Pahanan Agta and Paranan have been referred to as separate languages in the Robinson dissertation (see references), and will be treated as separate languages in the forthcoming Lobel dissertation as well as in a paper currently in preparation by Lobel and Robinson." language.
MHH scopeNote "There is no evidence to show that this language has ever existed. Different ethnic groups of the Enlhet-Enenlhet (or Maskoy) family certainly have lived together in the Puerto La Victoria area, but, as we observe in these contexts today (and as witnesses indicate regarding the Puerto La Victoria region in the past), no type of pidgin has developed." language.
NBF scopeNote "Based on first-hand experience by SIL researchers, Naxi (Naxi Proper) [nxq] and Narua (Mosuo) [nru] are almost completely unintelligible with previously unexposed speakers only being able to understand isolated words of the other's speech." language.
LNO scopeNote "The results of the survey showed that each of the communities identified their language using the same name as the ethnic group, except Lorwama and Ketebo, who referred to their language as Okolie [ò kó lí ɛ̀]. This means that there are five language groups in the area, namely Lango [lgo], Imotong [imt], Logir [lqr], Okolie [oie] and Dongotono [ddd]." language.
CDG scopeNote "Glottolog lists Chamari as "unattested". Hammarstrom (2015) states that the Chamari [cdg] entry describes the Chamaar caste, but the Chamari do not have a language of their own, citing Russell and Hiralal 1916." language.
AYX scopeNote "This is the same language as "Nung" [nun], whose name should be changed to "Anong." language.
BAZ scopeNote "All published (and unpublished) research has considered Tunen (tvu) and Nyokon (nvo) two distinct groups. Lexicostatistical studies have shown that the linguistic similarity between the two speech varieties (Tunen and Nyokon) is so low that there is no possibility of inherent understanding." language.
JAR scopeNote "Jarawa [jar] split into Gwak [jgk] and Bankal [jjr]. Intelligibility and lexical similarity between Bankal and Gwak are marginal." language.
TNE scopeNote "The name for the languages (although they should actually be treated as dialects of one language) referred to in Ethnologue as Kallahan Tinoc (tne) and Kallahan Kayapa (kak) should be "Kalanguya" because this is the name used by native speakers of both dialects. Thus, Tinoc Kallahan [tne] merged into Kalanguya [kak]." language.
SUL scopeNote "The Tandaganon language is distinct from Surigaonon and from other languages in northeastern Mindanao (Butuanon, Kamayo, Mamanwa, Manobo) and other Philippine languages. Thus Surigaonon [sul] split into Tandaganon [tgn] and Surigaonon [sgd]." language.
EMO scopeNote "An Emok language (classified as extinct) in fact never existed. Emmo'ok is not the name of a language; it means simply 'our neighbour' in the languages of the Enlhet-Enenlhet family. This explains why we have found no instances of a supposed Emok language" language.
RSI scopeNote "The "language", as described by Kuschel 1974, would clearly be considered a home sign system today, since it was only ever used by one deaf person and his hearing associates. This is not to criticize the Deaf person's intelligence and inventiveness, but simple to say that his communication system does not fit the criteria for inclusion in ISO 639-3. There never was a community of users in the usual sense, something that Kuschel goes to great lengths to demonstrate." language.
AJP scopeNote "Academic sources do not classify sedentary Levantine Arabic varieties into North and South. There is no evidence that North Levantine Arabic and South Levantine Arabic are linguistically well-defined entities. There is no separate development of the two varieties. In particular, native speakers do not define their language as “North Levantine” or “South Levantine”." language.
TIE scopeNote "The original classification of Tingal as a separate language was based on a misreading of the only published reference to it. A field check has established that Tingal is a dialect of Tegali [ras]." language.
YBD scopeNote "Chaungtha (ccq) and Yangbye (ybd) should be merged into the existing code for Rakhine (rki). The codes (ccq) and (ybd) should be retired from use." language.
NLN scopeNote "This is strong evidence of the existence of two related languages that have diverged significantly from each other over time. If we add to this the different influences from other language in each area (see above), it appears that we have sufficient evidence from both linguistic and sociolinguist aspects that, despite the high percentage of interintelligibility, these variants should no longer be considered the same language. Thus, split into Eastern Durango Nahuatl [azd] and Western Durango Nahuatl [azn]." language.
TOE scopeNote "Alan Wares, in correspondence with Barbara Grimes (5/28/1971), stated that Tomedes should be deleted as "non-existent." Moreover, the Ethnologue has not added any information to the Tomedes language entry in nearly 40 years. Mention of this language is missing from all the major sources on South American languages." language.
GIO scopeNote "Gelao [gio] Split into Qau [gqu] and A'ou [aou] with some going to Green Gelao [gig], some to Red Gelao [gir], and some to White Gelao [giw]" language.
PPA scopeNote "As Harald Hammarstrom (2015) states, it Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code, page 3 is highly possible that Pao, as a name of a Scheduled Tribe in the Bagheli-speaking area of Madhya Pradesh, was confused with the Tibeto-Burman language of the same name [blk], spoken in Myanmar." language.
PMU scopeNote "From the research we did in Pakistan and for immigrant populations in the U.K., we found that both PHR and PMU are closely-related languages in the Punjabi dialect chain. Thus, merged into Pahari-Potwari [phr]." language.
KXL scopeNote "The Kurux varieties spoken in Nepal and India are considered by the speakers to be one language. This unified ethnolinguistic identity is supported by the linguistic similarity between the varieties and intelligibilty tests conducted in Nepal, which indicate adequate to high intelligibility of Kurux as spoken in India." language.
SNH scopeNote "The Ethnologue has stated, since the 8th edition (1974), that "Existence improbable; contact attempted several times. Thought to have possibly been a Chácobo group."" language.
XKH scopeNote "Hammarstrom (2015) cites several sources as evidence that Karahawyana is a dialect of Waiwai [waw]." language.
GGN scopeNote "Eastern Gurung [ggn] should be merged with Western Gurung [gvr] and listed as one language, "Gurung."" language.
MYI scopeNote "The name Mina designates a caste name and a tribe name in India. Ethnologue reports that the Mina" use a mix of Dhundari [dhd], Mewari [mtr], and Mewati [wtm]" and "reportedly L1 is Dhundari [dhd] in Rajasthjan and Braj Bhasha [bra] in Madhya Pradesh."" language.
TMP scopeNote "Tai Mene (TMP) should not be considered a distinct language, but simply alternative name for Tai Yo (TYJ). Thus, updated by inclusion of Tai Mene [tmp]." language.
RIE scopeNote "The name for this purported language apparently came from the 1954 listing from David Thomas. Most linguists working in Southeast Asia have not heard of this language. The Ethnologue seems to be the sole source of information on this group." language.
XBX scopeNote "Because it is unclear as to which language(s) Kabixi (Cabixi) actually refers to, we will not consider it to be equivalent to another ISO 639-3 language." language.
CUG scopeNote "Mbuk appears to be closely related to Chung, and change request 2016-006 implicitly treats them as dialects of a single language, though it was primarily presented as a request for a change in reference name. However, at the time of the request, no published research existed establishing that Chung [cnq] and Mbuk [bpc] were varieties of a common language. Tschonghongei's 2020 thesis on Mbuk now provides evidence that each should be treated as a separate language, which is why we now request a code for Mbuk." language.
MEG scopeNote "The settled consensus of NC linguistic opinon, as reflected in the Corpus de la Parole site (cited above), Wurm & Hattori (1981) and Grace (1976) (bibliographic details below) is that Tîrî and Méa are dialects of the one language. New Caledonian official statistics also gives a single number of speakers for both dialects as one." language.
DIT scopeNote "Merged into [dif] Dieri" language.
TSF scopeNote "Interactions with members of the Eastern Tamang [taj] language project team strongly suggested that Southwestern Tamang [tsf] should be grouped with Eastern Tamang [taj]." language.
MJA scopeNote "We can find no evidence of the existence of this language in Yunnan Province, China, from Chinese and foreign linguistic sources. The Ethnologue editor has tracked the origins of this Ethnologue entry back to a 1953 thesis by linguist Dave Thomas. This work is apparently merely repeating a ethnonym cited by a non-linguist foreigner in 1949." language.
COY scopeNote "In Loukotka (1968: 218--219), it is stated that Pijao (Pinao) [pij], classified as a Cariban language, was "once spoken ... in the villages of Orrega, Coyaima and Natagaima." Loukotka indicates that Coyaima (Tupe) [coy] is an extinct Carib language in the Yupe (Yukpa group)." language.
THX scopeNote "Oy [oyb] and The [thx] are the same language." language.
AJT scopeNote "Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is a variety of Tunisian Arabic. It is true that it includes three regional varieties (Goulette, Sousse and Djerba). It is also true that it has several phonological and morphological distinctive characteristics that distinguish it from other Tunisian varieties. However, other dialects of Tunisian Arabic also have distinctive features that separate them from the Tunis dialect of Tunisian Arabic. That is why I propose to consider Judeo-Tunisian Arabic as a dialect of Tunisian Arabic." language.
NCP scopeNote "Speakers of Ndaktup can use Kwaja [kdz]." language.
DJL scopeNote "Split into Djiwarli [dze] and Thiin [iin]" language.
YDS scopeNote "Dr. Bernard Spolsky has investigated this language thoroughly and has found no evidence that it ever existed." language.
MLD scopeNote "We have not been able to find evidence that this language exists. As far as we can see, it is not mentioned in the professional linguistic literature. The website of Global Recordings Network contains an audio-recorded story said to be in the Malakhel language; however, I listened to it and identified the language in the audio recording to be Ormuri [oru]." language.
IME scopeNote "Since there is insufficient evidence to posit a past or present separate language for the Imeraguen, the language should be removed." language.
OME scopeNote "Alan Wares, in correspondence with Barbara Grimes (5/28/1971), stated that Omejes should be deleted as "non-existent." Moreover, the Ethnologue has not added any information to the Omejes language entry in nearly 40 years. Mention of this language is missing from all the major sources on South American languages." language.
TBB scopeNote "Ethnologue (1996) declared that the Tapeba ethnic group, numbering 984, was monolingual in Portuguese [por]. Hammarstrom (2015) says that Tapeba is unattested and cannot be asserted to have been a separate language. Other major publications on South American languages do not mention the name Tapeba." language.
YNH scopeNote "Yangho [ynh] is listed in the Ethnologue as a language of Gabon, spoken around Mamidi and Bakoumba. No such language is recognized by linguists working in Gabon" language.
PAT scopeNote "All three villages said that that they spoke Koro. Papitalai villagers specifically mentioned there was not a "Papitalai" language that was different from Koro [kxr]." language.
POD scopeNote "Alan Wares, in correspondence with Barbara Grimes (5/28/1971), stated that Ponares should be deleted as "non-existent." The Ethnologue states that Ponares is a "Sáliba surname. [It] might have been a Piapoco or Achagua subgroup." Mention of this language is missing from all the major sources on South American languages." language.
ZKB scopeNote "The term "Koibal" (or Koybal) is used as the ethnonym for the Samoyedic Kamas group who shifted to the Turkic Khakas [kjh] language in the 18th century (Salminen 2007: 252, 254; Wixman 1984: 109). In the Ethnologue, Koibal is already listed as a dialect name of both Kamas (Kamassian) [xas] and Khakas [kjh] (Eberhard et al 2022)." language.
WIT scopeNote "Modern scholars of Wintuan languages are in agreement that Wintu, Nomlaki and Patwin are three separate languages. Thus, Wintu [wit] split into Wintu [wnw], Nomlaki [nol], and Patwin [pwi] ." language.
MWX scopeNote "Mediak is a clan name similar to Mosiro and Kisankasa according to Maguire (1948:7-8) and not a glossonym. Against this background and for linguistic reasons Rottland & Vossen (1977: 226-230) shift all three clans to Akie [mwy]." language.
GJI scopeNote "Geji [gji] split into Gyaazi [gyz], and Bu (Bauchi State) [zbu]" language.
LSG scopeNote "There is one reference to Lyons Sign Language that was published in 1991 (Wittman 1991), but this was based entirely on the Ethnologue database used to prepare the 12th edition. All other references to the language that I can find (Glottolog, Wikipedia, sources that are obviously copied from Wikipedia) trace back to solely to Ethnologue 12 (sometimes through Wittman 1991). The Ethnologue staff has researched the basis for this entry, and can find no information in the files." language.
BBZ scopeNote "The inclusion of this language came about from a misunderstanding of a study of Chadian Arabic. No one else has ever reported the presence of a unique language among these people." language.
DKL scopeNote "Mombo [dmb] and Ampari [aqd] are separate non-intercomprehensible varieties, which, however, are genetically much closer to each other than to any other Dogon language." language.
YMA scopeNote "Linguistic/Ethnic Identity: The ethnic and linguistic identity of people in both groups (Yamphe [yma] and Southern Lorung [lrr]) is 'Yamphu.' Thus, Yamphe [yma] merge into Southern Lorung [lrr]." language.
NOM scopeNote "Nocamán has been proven to be a dialect of Cashibo-Cacataibo (Kakataibo Kashibo) [cbr] (Zariquiey 2013)" language.
MNT scopeNote "It is our proposal that the entry currently listed as "Maykulan" (mnt) in Ethnologue 16 has a series of "alternate names" which actually represent a collection of languages under a Mayi group (currently Mayabic). These languages--Mayi-Kulan [xyk], Mayi-Thakurti [xyt], Mayi-Yapi [xyj], and Wunumara [wnn] -- will join the level of the existing Mayaguduna (xmy) and Ngawun (nxn)." language.
ELP scopeNote "There are two languages on the Elpaputih Bay which may have been included in the Elpaputih language amq (Amahai), plh (Paulohi). These two languages are now nearly extinct. It seems probable that the lack of information caused Voeglin & Voeglin to erroneously suggest that Elpaputih was it's own language." language.
AYY scopeNote "Glottolog lists Tayabas Ayta as "unattested". Regarding Tayabas Ayta, Jason Lobel (2013) states that "no linguistic data exists for any language that the ancestors of this group might have once spoken. And thus, there is no evidence that this group ever had a language distinct from any other Philippine language."" language.
ZUA scopeNote "The current Ethnologue listing (Eberhard et al. 2022), has Cha’ari [cxh], Dokshi [dsk], Dyarim [dyr], Tulai [tvi], and Zeem as dialects of Zeem. However, the findings of the survey authored by Decker and Araokanmi 2022 showed that Zeem is neither a cluster of related languages nor a language with several dialects. They are five distinct languages and should be given separate identifiers." language.
KGM scopeNote "The name Karipúna (Karipuna do Amapá) generally refers to a variant of Palikúr [plu] in earlier references (Gallois and Ricardo 1983). A short word list attests to the fact that Karipúna is a Palikúr variety (Loukotka 1963)." language.
LMZ scopeNote "Glottolog lists Lumbee as "unattested". Lumbee, in modern times, can be understood to refer to the variety of English used by Lumbee Native Americans (Wolfram and Dannenberg 1999, Scott 2008)." language.
SVR scopeNote "Hammarstrom (2015) states that it has been checked quite carefully that no Dravidian language exists matching the name Savara or any of the other information in the entry (p.c. David Stampe 2011). Barb Waugh (SIL) responded to queries about Savara stating that she did not believe that the language existed at all. She only knew Savara as an alternate name for Sora [srb], a Munda language." language.
PGY scopeNote "In short, the rationale for this proposed change is that no proper evidence has ever been presented for Pongyong's [pgy] existence as a unique language. As far as Nepali linguists can tell, this is a "ghost entry" in the ISO 639-3. “Pongyong” is a Rai clan name (Van Driem 2001:623)." language.
DUJ scopeNote "Dhuwaya has been identified as a Koine or 'communilect' of the Yirrkala community, and the author of the most comprehensive description of the language. It also does not fit the clan/family classification of other Dhuwal languages. Removing Dhuwaya from the existing classification of Dhuwal requires a reassignation of the code for Dhuwal varieties [dwu and dwy]." language.
YMT scopeNote "[mtm] Mator and [ymt] Mator-Taygi-Karagas are the same language, and according to the descriptions at Ethnologue and MultiTree, have the same scope." language.
MYT scopeNote "The present codes for Mandaya (mrt, mry, and mst) do not represent dialects of Mandaya but data collection points when Andrew Gallman was gathering data for his dissertation some 30 years ago. In reality it is all the same language with a purer Mandaya in the mountains and more of a mixed variety of Mandaya along the coast." language.
KGH scopeNote "Since there is no compelling evidence to differentiate Upper Tanudan from Lower Tanudan [kml], this change request is submitted." language.
SLQ scopeNote "Ethnologue seems to be the only source for Salchuq [slq]. Almost all online sources point to Wikipedia, and Wikipedia has only Ethnologue as a source (Eberhard et al 2022). All the way back to the 11th edition (1988), there has only been one piece of information in the Salchuq entry: "May be a dialect of South Azerbaijani."" language.
LMM scopeNote "There is no Lamam language in Cambodia. The Ethnologue improperly moved it to Vietnam, but there is already a Romam language in Vietnam. The Romam in Vietnam is confined to one village, numbering between 200-400 people in Le village, Mo Rai commune." language.